Shuttle cock game shoes?

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Shuttle cock game shoes?
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Reply:Badminton is a racket (or racquet) sport played by either two opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles).





Players at opposite ends of the court aim to hit a shuttlecock, more informally called a shuttle, over the net so that it lands inside the marked boundaries of the court, and aim to prevent their opponents from doing the same. Unlike a tennis ball, the shuttlecock flies with a lot of drag, and will not bounce significantly. The shuttlecock is always volleyed, and a rally ends as soon as it touches the ground. Badminton racquets have long shafts, to make it easier to impart a great deal of momentum to overcome the drag. The racquets are also much lighter than tennis racquets, because the shuttlecock is light. Badminton is one of the fastest sports in the world with shuttles reaching speeds of up to 332 km/h (206 mph), faster than the speed of the Eurostar train. Fu Haifeng of China set the official record July 3, 2005.





Although the size of a badminton court is smaller than that of a tennis court, the distance run by a player in a match is usually much greater than that in tennis. This is due, in part, to the fact that the entire court must be covered by the player as the shuttlecock is not allowed to bounce before being returned. Also, the rallies of each point tend to be much longer than tennis. This is true even though winning a %26#039;shutout%26#039; match in badminton requires only winning 30 points (15-0, 15-0, in a Men%26#039;s Single match) whereas in tennis it would require 72 points (6-0, 6-0, 6-0). The game of badminton may look easy to play, but it can be physically more tiring than tennis as the time between shots can be much shorter. When you play a shot in tennis you use the whole of your arm in one sweeping action, whereas in badminton you use a wide range of motions, from delicate flicks of wrist and pressing of fingers to full-body smashes and clears. Speed, reaction, and endurance are all important to being a successful badminton player. From a fitness perspective a close comparison can be made to squash which also has the same explosive starts.





As in tennis, there are typically five events: men%26#039;s singles, women%26#039;s singles, men%26#039;s doubles, women%26#039;s doubles and mixed doubles (each pair is composed of one man and one woman).





The service court


One decides between two service courts. There is the service court for singles, which is 5.18 meters (17 feet) wide by 13.40 meters (44 feet) long and the service court for doubles is 6.10 meters (20 feet) wide by 11.88 meters (39 feet) long. The service court is divided in two parts. In the middle of the court there is a net, which is 1.55 meters (5 feet) high. The short service lines go away 1.98 meters (6 feet, 6 inches) from the net. Left service court and right service court are divided by the center line





Equipment





Badminton racquetsRacquet: Traditionally racquets were made of wood. Later on aluminium or other light metals became the material of choice. Now, almost all professional badminton racquets are composed of carbon fiber composite (graphite reinforced plastic), and even titanium composites. Carbon fiber has an excellent strength to weight ratio, is stiff, and gives excellent kinetic energy transfer. However, some low-end models still use steel or aluminum for some or all of the racquet.





Grip:: Most rackets come with a poor grip and so amateur players normally change the grip of any new racket they aquire. Grips are self adhesive, and so it many people regrip their rackets themselves. There are two types of grips: synthetic and cloth. Synthetic grips are tacky and so provide excellent friction. Cloth grips are usually preferred as they are usually more comfortable and absorbent of sweat. However, they also wear out more quickly as a result. Therefore the best grip is usually depenedent on personal choice.





String: Perhaps one of the most overlooked areas of badminton equipment is the string. Different types of string have different response properties. Durability generally varies with performance. Most strings are 21 gauge in thickness and strung at 18 to 30 lbf (80 to 130 newtons) of tension. Racquets strung at lower tensions (18 to 21 lbf or 80 to 95 N) generate greater power while racquets strung at higher tensions provide greater control (21 lbf, over 95 N). This is due to the trampolining effect - at lower tensions the shuttlecock can trampoline off, and the elastic recoil increases the power. Players%26#039; personal preferences play a strong role in string selection.





Shoes: Because acceleration across the court is so important, players need excellent grip with the floor at all times. Badminton shoes need a gum sole for good grip, reinforced side walls (lateral support) for durability during drags, and shock dispersion technology for jumping; badminton places a lot of stress on the knees and ankles. They are also light as most sports shoes are.





The Japanese manufacturer Yonex dominates the badminton equipment market, making racquets, shoes, and everything in between. However there are many other brands on the market including Carlton, Wilson, Blackknight, Gosen, Hi-Qua and Prince.





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Playing the game


Each player or pair takes position on either side of a net on a rectangular court marked on the floor, as shown in the diagrams.





The object of the game is to hit a shuttlecock (normally shortened to %26quot;shuttle%26quot; or %26quot;cock%26quot;; more colloquially, %26quot;bird%26quot; or %26quot;birdie%26quot;), using a racquet, over the net onto the court within the marked boundaries before the opposing player or pair can hit it back. For every time this is achieved by the team currently serving, the serving player or pair scores one point. After winning a point the same player serves again, and continues to serve as long as they continue to win points. If the non-serving team wins the rally, no point is scored but instead there is a change of server. In doubles, one server starts the game, and after losing a rally the serve switches to the opposing team. From then on, both players on a team take turns serving before the serve switches back to their opponents. The player on the right-hand serving side always begins the serving.





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The rules


At the start of a match, a coin is tossed. The side that wins the toss may choose whether to serve first, or may choose which end of the court to play on. The other side exercises the remaining choice. In less formal settings, the shuttle may be hit into the air to determine which side chooses between side and serve; the side the shuttle points to makes the decision.





Scoring





In traditional scoring points are only made by the serving team. (See %26quot;Experimental IBF Scoring%26quot; below for an alternative.) The first side to reach 15 points (or 11 for women%26#039;s singles) is the winner and if the teams tie at 14-14 (or 10-10 for women) the team to reach that score first can decide whether to play to 17 (or to 13 for the women) - this is called %26quot;setting%26quot; the game.





A badminton match can be made up of any odd number of games (3 in official matches). The winner of the match is the first to win more than half the number of games (e.g. the first to win 2 games in a 3 game match).





Service





The serve must be in an upwards direction, to land in the diagonally opposite service court. At the moment of impact on service, the shuttle must be below the waist, and the whole of the racket head must be below the hand holding the racket. These rules are designed to limit the attacking options of the server. A point is only added to the score on service. Unlike tennis, there is no %26quot;let%26quot; on service if the shuttle hits the tape.





At the start of a doubles game, the first side to serve will only continue serving until they lose a rally. After that, the serve will pass to the opponents, and for the remainder of the game both members of a serving pair will have an opportunity to serve. A server must change service courts after each rally won, so that he serves to the other opponent. The receiving pair, however, will not vary their positions in this way. When a pair have just regained the service, the first serve is always delivered by the player in the right-hand service court.





In singles each player has only one serve at a time; if the serve is lost, it passes to the opponent.





Experimental IBF Scoring





In December 2005 the International Badminton Federation started an experimental scoring system for IBF events. The new system incorporates rally point scoring; a point can be won by the serving and receiving player or pair. In the traditional system only the serving player or pair could win a point. Under the new system games are played to 21 points, also for women%26#039;s singles. A difference of 2 points is needed, up until 29-29, where the first player or pair to reach 30 wins. In doubles there is no second server anymore under the new system. When the serving pair loses a rally the serve passes immediately to the other pair. Pairs only switch service courts when they won a point while serving. If the pair who has won right to serve has an even score, the player in the right service court will serve, if the score is uneven the player in the left service court will serve.





Besides the new scoring system the experiment also has a rule change concerning breaks during a match. When a side reaches 11 points, both sides get a 60 second break. Between first and second game, as well as between second and third game, players receive a 2-minute break.





Faults





When players commit a fault, they lose the rally. The most common fault is for a player to fail to return the shuttle before it hits the floor, or to return it so that it lands out of court. It is also a fault if the shuttle touches the person or dress of a player, or in doubles if both players hit the shuttle.





At lower levels of play, players often commit service faults without realising. For example, see rules on service, above.





Lets





If a let is called, the rally is restarted. Lets are rare in professional play; they occur whenever some unexpected circumstance arises that interferes with the rally. For example, a let is called if the shuttle passes over the net and then becomes entangled in the net (except on service, when this is deemed a fault).





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Strategy


To win in badminton, players need to employ a wide variety of strokes in the right situations. These range from extraordinarily powerful jumping smashes to soft, delicate tumbling net returns. The smash is a powerful overhead stroke played steeply downwards into the middle or rear of the opponents%26#039; court; it is similar to a tennis serve, but much faster: the shuttlecock can travel at 300km/h (186 mph). This is a very effective stroke, and pleases the crowds, but smashing is only one part of the game. Often rallies finish with a smash, but setting up the smash requires subtler strokes. For example, a netshot can force the opponent to lift the shuttle, which gives an opportunity to smash. If the netshot is tight and tumbling, then the opponent%26#039;s lift will not reach the back of the court, which makes the subsequent smash much harder to return.





Deception is also important. Expert players make the preparation for many different strokes look identical, so that their opponents cannot guess which stroke will be played. For many strokes, the shuttlecock can be sliced to change its direction; this allows a player to move his racket in a different direction to the trajectory of the shuttlecock. If an opponent tries to anticipate the stroke, he will move in the wrong direction and may be unable to change his body momentum in time to reach the shuttlecock.





Doubles: In doubles, each side has two players. Both sides will try to gain and maintain the attack, hitting downwards as much as possible. Usually one player will strive to stay at the back of the court and the other at the front, which is an optimal attacking position: the back player will smash and occasionally drop the shuttlecock to the net, and the front player will try to intercept any flat returns or returns to the net. Typical play involves hitting the shuttle in a trajectory as low and flat as possible, to avoid giving away the attack. A side that hits a high shot must prepare for a smash and retreat to a side-by-side defensive position, with each player covering half of the court. The first serve is usually a low serve to force the other side to lift the shuttle. A %26quot;flick serve%26quot;, in which the player will pretend to serve low but hit it high to catch the receiver off-guard, is sporadically used throughout the game. Doubles is a game of speed, aggression, and agility.








A mixed doubles game. Scottish Schools mixed doubles under 12s tournament - Tranant (near Edinburgh), May 2002Singles: Players will serve high to the far back end of the court, although at the international level low serves are now frequently used as well. The singles court is narrower than the doubles court, but the same length. Since one person needs to cover the entire court, singles tactics are based on forcing the opponent to move as much as possible; this means that singles shots are normally directed to the corners of the court. The depth of the court is exploited by combining clears (high shots to the back) with drops (soft downwards shots to the front). Smashing is less prominent in singles than in doubles because players are rarely in the ideal position to execute a smash, and smashing out of position leaves the smasher very vulnerable if the shot is returned. At high levels of play, singles demands extraordinary fitness. It is a game of patient tactical play, unlike the all-out aggression of doubles.





Mixed doubles: In this discipline, a man and a woman play as a doubles pair. Mixed doubles is similar to %26quot;level%26quot; doubles (where pairs are of the same gender), but important changes in tactics are usually made in order to accommodate the difference in strength between men and women. In mixed doubles, both pairs try to maintain an attacking formation with the woman at the front and the man at the back. This is because the male players are substantially stronger, and can therefore produce more powerful smashes. As a result, mixed doubles requires greater tactical awareness and subtler positional play. Clever opponents will try to reverse the ideal position, by forcing the woman towards the back or the man towards the front. In order to protect against this danger, mixed players must be careful and systematic in their shot selection.





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Strokes/shots


There are many types of shots in badminton, the most basic of which are described as follows:





Clear: Hit overhead from the backcourt to the opponents backcourt. The aim is to hit the shuttle up. It is useful for producing time for the player, so that he can recover more easily. Used stragetically to push the opponent backwards.





Smash: Hit overhead from anywhere behind the forecourt. The aim is to hit the shuttle down as hard and fast as possible, as it clearly wins the game if the shuttle touches the floor.





Drop shot: Hit overhead from the backcourt to the opponents forecourt. The aim is to make the shuttle just pass the net. Stragetically used to bring the opponent foreward.





Drive: Hit in front or on the side of the body, aiming to keep the shuttle low but going to the backcourt.





Lift: Hit in front of the body near the net. The aim is to %26quot;lift%26quot; the shuttle to the rearcourt. Similar to a lob in tennis. Also used to push an opponent to the backcourt.





Netshot: Hit in front of the body near the net. The aim is to hit the shuttle just past the net . Used to bring the opponent to the forecourt.





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History


An early ancestor of the game may have been the Chinese game of jianzi which involves using a shuttlecock but no racquet. Instead the object was manipulated with the feet. The object of the game is to keep the shuttlecock from touching the ground as long as possible without using the hands.








Battledore and shuttlecock, an antecedent to the modern game of Badminton. 1854, from the John Leech ArchiveIn England since medieval times a children%26#039;s game called Battledores and Shuttlecocks was popular. Children would use paddles (Battledores) and work together to keep the Shuttlecock up in the air and prevent it from reaching the ground. It was popular enough to be a nuisance on the street of London in 1854 when the magazine Punch published the cartoon at right.





The British took the game to Japan, China and Siam as they colonised Asia, and it soon became a children%26#039;s game there.





The competitive sport of badminton was invented by British Army officers in Pune, India in the 19th century when they added a net and played it competitively. As the city of Pune was formerly known as Poona, the game was also known as Poona at that time.





Soldiers brought the game back to England in the 1850s. The sport got its current name in 1860 in a pamphlet by Isaac Spratt, a London toy dealer, entitled %26quot;Badminton Battledore - a new game%26quot;. This described the game as played at Badminton House, the Duke of Beaufort%26#039;s estate in Gloucestershire, England.





The first official set of rules was written by the Bath Badminton Club in 1877. The Badminton Association of England was formed in 1893 and the first international championship took place in 1899 with the All England Championships.





Badminton became a popular sport in the world, primarily in East and Southeast Asia, which currently dominates the sport, and in the Scandinavian countries.





The International Badminton Federation (IBF) was established in 1934 and had England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Denmark, Holland, Canada, New Zealand and France as by founding members. India joined as an affiliate in 1936. In the Extraordinary General Meeting of December 2004, a proposal to move the IBF office from the UK to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia was tabled and subsequently approved amid heated discussion.





It became a Summer Olympic sport at the Barcelona Olympics in 1992. Indonesia and Korea shared the gold medal with two each that year.





The IBF has been tinkering with the scoring system in an effort to commercialize the sport. A recent experiment of playing a match of 5 games of 7 points instead of the current 3 games of 15 points failed to garner the support of the fans, players and coaches after a year. The next experiment is to have 3 games of 21 points where every rally will result in a point being awarded (just like volleyball) which will debut in the next World Cup to be held in December 2005 in China. The experiment will last until May 2006, when the IBF General Meeting will decide if the rules of the experiment will become permanent
Reply:your answer is 23 times the square of the gravitional constant minus the sun%26#039;s distance from the Earth on June 22, 2089.



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